Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic workflow of early-stage CRAD model establishment and sample collection. Schematic illustration of the experimental workflow for establishing the chronic renal allograft dysfunction (CRAD) rat model. Orthotopic kidney transplantation was performed, followed by contralateral nephrectomy on postoperative day 10. At 12 weeks post-transplantation, 24-h urine samples were collected using metabolic cages, and serum and kidney tissues were harvested for subsequent histological, biochemical, and molecular analyses. The 12-week time point was used to assess early inflammatory and fibrotic changes during CRAD progression. Created with BioRender.com under a publication license.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Transplantation Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: IL-11 inhibition attenuates renal inflammatory infiltration and injury in early-stage CRAD. (A) Representative H&E and Masson’s trichrome staining images of kidney tissues from the Sham, CRAD, and CRAD + IL-11-shRNA AAV groups. Red arrows indicate representative early CRAD-associated tubulointerstitial injury, including inflammatory cell infiltration, interstitial expansion, and tubular structural disorganization. Scale bar, 100 μm. (B) Quantitative analysis of fibrotic area based on Masson’s trichrome staining. (C) Representative immunohistochemical staining images of IL-11, p-ERK, p-p65, and CD68 in kidney tissues. Scale bars, 50 μm. (D) Quantitative analysis of IL-11-, p-ERK-, p-p65-, and CD68-positive areas. (E) Protein concentrations of ICAM-1, IL-11, and MCP-1 in kidney tissues. (F) Relative mRNA expression levels of IL-11, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in kidney tissues. (G) Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in each group. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 3 rats per group. * P < 0.05 vs. Sham group; # P < 0.05 vs. CRAD group.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Inhibition, Staining, shRNA, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: IL-11/IL-11RA signaling contributes to inflammatory activation in TGF-β1-stimulated BUMPT cells. (A) Representative immunofluorescence staining images showing IL-11RA expression in BUMPT cells. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Scale bar, 20 μm. (B) Representative immunoblotting images showing the effects of anti-IL-11 and anti-IL-11RA antibodies on the expression of ICAM-1, MMP-9, IL-11RA, MCP-1, IL-11, and IL-1β in TGF-β1-stimulated BUMPT cells. (C) Representative immunoblotting images showing the effects of IL-11 siRNA and IL-11RA siRNA on inflammatory mediator expression in TGF-β1-stimulated BUMPT cells. (D) Quantitative analysis of protein expression in panel (B) . (E) Quantitative analysis of protein expression in panel (C) . (F) Relative mRNA expression levels of IL-11, IL-11RA, and MCP-1 after anti-IL-11 or anti-IL-11RA treatment. (G) Protein concentrations of IL-11, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in culture supernatants after anti-IL-11 or anti-IL-11RA treatment. (H) Relative mRNA expression levels of IL-11, IL-11RA, and MCP-1 after IL-11 or IL-11RA knockdown. (I) Protein concentrations of IL-11, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in culture supernatants after IL-11 or IL-11RA knockdown. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 3 independent experiments. * P < 0.05 vs. Control group; # P < 0.05 vs. TGF-β1 group.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing, Western Blot, Knockdown, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: ERK1/2 inhibition attenuates NF-κB activation and inflammatory injury in early-stage CRAD. (A) Representative H&E and Masson’s trichrome staining images of kidney tissues from the Sham, CRAD, and CRAD+PD98059 groups. Red arrows indicate representative areas of inflammatory cell infiltration and tubulointerstitial structural disruption in CRAD kidneys. Scale bars, 100 μm. (B) Quantitative analysis of fibrotic area based on Masson’s trichrome staining. (C) Representative immunohistochemical staining images of IL-11, p-ERK, p-p65, and CD68 in kidney tissues. Scale bars, 50 μm. (D) Quantitative analysis of IL-11-, p-ERK-, p-p65-, and CD68-positive areas. (E) Serum creatinine and BUN levels in each group. (F) Relative mRNA expression levels of MCP-1 and MMP-9 in kidney tissues. (G) Protein concentrations of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 in kidney tissues. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 3 rats per group. * P < 0.05 vs. Sham group; # P < 0.05 vs. CRAD group.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Inhibition, Activation Assay, Staining, Disruption, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: PD98059 suppresses TGF-β1- and rmIL-11-induced ERK1/2-NF-κB activation and inflammatory mediator expression in BUMPT cells. (A) Representative immunoblotting images showing the effects of different concentrations of PD98059 on TGF-β1-induced expression of ICAM-1, MMP-9, p-p65, p65, p-ERK, ERK, MCP-1, IL-11, and IL-1β in BUMPT cells. (B) Representative immunoblotting images showing the effects of different concentrations of PD98059 on rmIL-11-induced ERK1/2-NF-κB activation and inflammatory mediator expression in BUMPT cells. (C) Quantitative analysis of protein expression in panel (A) . (D) Quantitative analysis of protein expression in panel (B) . (E) Relative mRNA expression levels of MCP-1 and MMP-9 in TGF-β1-stimulated BUMPT cells treated with PD98059. (F) MCP-1 concentration in culture supernatants from TGF-β1-stimulated BUMPT cells treated with PD98059. (G) Relative mRNA expression levels of IL-11, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in rmIL-11-stimulated BUMPT cells treated with PD98059. (H) Protein concentrations of IL-11, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in culture supernatants from rmIL-11-stimulated BUMPT cells treated with PD98059. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 6 independent experiments. PD 1, PD 5, and PD 10 indicate PD98059 at 1, 5, and 10 μM, respectively. * P < 0.05 vs. Control group; # P < 0.05 vs. TGF-β1 + vehicle or rmIL-11 + vehicle group.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: miR-204-5p directly targets IL-11 and attenuates inflammatory mediator expression in TGF-β1-stimulated BUMPT cells. (A) Schematic illustration of the predicted miR-204-5p binding site within the IL-11 3′-UTR and the corresponding wild-type and mutant luciferase reporter constructs. (B) Dual-luciferase reporter assay showing the effect of miR-204-5p mimic on luciferase activity in cells transfected with IL-11 3′-UTR wild-type or mutant reporter constructs. (C) Representative immunoblotting images showing the effects of miR-204-5p mimic on ICAM-1, MMP-9, MCP-1, and IL-1β expression in TGF-β1-stimulated BUMPT cells. (D) Quantitative analysis of protein expression in panel (C) . (E) Relative RNA expression levels of miR-204-5p and IL-11 in BUMPT cells. (F) Protein concentrations of MCP-1 and MMP-9 in culture supernatants. The broken y-axis indicates different concentration ranges. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 6 independent experiments. * P < 0.05 vs. NC/Control group; # P < 0.05 vs. TGF-β1 group; ^ P < 0.05 vs. IL-11 3′-UTR-WT reporter group. WT, wild-type; Mut, mutant; NC, negative control.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Expressing, Binding Assay, Mutagenesis, Luciferase, Construct, Reporter Assay, Activity Assay, Transfection, Western Blot, RNA Expression, Concentration Assay, Control, Negative Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: rmIL-11 partially rescues the inhibitory effects of miR-204-5p mimic on ERK1/2-NF-κB inflammatory signaling in BUMPT cells. (A) Representative immunoblotting images showing the effects of rmIL-11 rescue on ERK1/2-NF-κB activation and inflammatory mediator expression in miR-204-5p mimic-transfected BUMPT cells under TGF-β1 stimulation. (B) Quantitative analysis of protein expression in panel A, including p-ERK/ERK, p-p65/p65, MCP-1/GAPDH, MMP-9/GAPDH, ICAM-1/GAPDH, and IL-1β/GAPDH. (C) Relative RNA expression levels of miR-204-5p, IL-11, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in rescue experiments. (D) Protein concentrations of MCP-1 and MMP-9 in culture supernatants. The broken y-axis indicates different concentration ranges. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 6 independent experiments. * P < 0.05 vs. Control group; # P < 0.05 vs. TGF-β1 group; ^ P < 0.05 vs. TGF-β1 + miR-204-5p mimic group.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Western Blot, Activation Assay, Expressing, Transfection, RNA Expression, Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: miR-204-5p attenuates inflammatory infiltration in early-stage chronic renal allograft dysfunction by modulating the IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB axis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1764404

Figure Lengend Snippet: miR-204-5p overexpression attenuates renal inflammatory infiltration and IL-11/ERK1/2-NF-κB activation in early-stage CRAD. (A) Representative H&E and Masson’s trichrome staining images of kidney tissues from the Sham, CRAD, and CRAD + mmu-miR-204-5p AAV groups. H&E staining showed tubulointerstitial injury and inflammatory cell infiltration in CRAD kidneys, which were partially attenuated after mmu-miR-204-5p AAV treatment. Red arrows indicate representative inflammatory lesions. Scale bars, 100 μm. (B) Quantitative analysis of fibrotic area based on Masson’s trichrome staining. (C) Representative immunohistochemical staining images of IL-11, p-ERK, p-p65, and CD68 in kidney tissues. Scale bar, 50 μm. (D) Quantitative analysis of IL-11-, p-ERK-, p-p65-, and CD68-positive areas. (E) Serum creatinine and BUN levels in each group. (F) Relative RNA expression levels of miR-204-5p, IL-11, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in kidney tissues. (G) Protein concentrations of IL-11, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 in kidney tissues. The broken y-axis indicates different concentration ranges. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 3 rats per group. * P < 0.05 vs. Sham group; # P < 0.05 vs. CRAD group.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: IL-11 (Bioss, bs-1827R, 1:1000 dilution), IL-11RA (HUABIO, HA720044, 1:1000 dilution), p-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101S, 1:1000 dilution), ERK1/2 (Abcam, ab218017, 1:1000 dilution), p-p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #3033T, 1:1000 dilution), p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, #8242T, 1:1000 dilution), MCP-1 (Proteintech, 26161-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), MMP-9 (Proteintech, 27306-1-AP, 1:1000 dilution), ICAM-1 (ABclonal, A24648, 1:1000 dilution), IL-1β (ABclonal, A1112, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:3000 dilution).

Techniques: Over Expression, Activation Assay, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, RNA Expression, Concentration Assay

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Artesunate-based macromolecular therapy attenuates neutrophilic asthma by targeting the BCAT1/Succinate/NLRP3 metabolite-immunity cascade

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04749-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Primer sequences used for RT-qPCR

Article Snippet: ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb, IL-1β (3A6) Mouse mAb were purchased from CST (U.S.).

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Artesunate-based macromolecular therapy attenuates neutrophilic asthma by targeting the BCAT1/Succinate/NLRP3 metabolite-immunity cascade

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04749-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Therapeutic effects of ART in vitro and in vivo. (A-D) The mRNA levels of TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B), IL-6 (C), and IL-8 (D) in macrophages stimulated by 500 ng/mL LPS and treated with 10 µM ART. (E) The relative mRNA levels of MPO in the neutrophils stimulated by 200 ng/mL PMA and treated with 10 µM ART. (F) The serum level of IgE. (G-H) Flow cytometry analysis of neutrophils in BALFs. (I-M) The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BALFs, including TNF-α (I), IL-1β (J), IL-6 (K), IL-8 (L), and MPO (M). (N-O) Representative micrographs of the lung tissues with H&E staining (N) and PAS staining (O). Data are mean ± SE (A-E, n = 3; F, H – M, n = 5). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. n.s. means no statistical difference

Article Snippet: ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb, IL-1β (3A6) Mouse mAb were purchased from CST (U.S.).

Techniques: In Vitro, In Vivo, Flow Cytometry, Analysis, Expressing, Staining

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Artesunate-based macromolecular therapy attenuates neutrophilic asthma by targeting the BCAT1/Succinate/NLRP3 metabolite-immunity cascade

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04749-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Therapeutic effects of PMART for the treatment of NA in mice. (A) Modeling and treating schematic procedure for NA mice. Mice were injected independently with free ART at 10 mg/kg, or PMART at 1 or 10 mg/kg, 1 h prior to OVA challenge during 14-18 days. On day 19, mice were euthanized. (B) The analysis of the airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) after challenge with methacholine at different concentrations. (C) Levels of serum IgE. (D-E) Representative flow cytometric profiles (D) and quantification (E) of neutrophil percentages in BALF. (F-J) The mRNA expression levels of IL-17 (F), TNF-α (G), IL-6 (H), MCP-1 (I), and MPO (J) in lung tissues. (K-L) The mRNA expression levels of MCP-1 (K) and IL-1β (L) in BALF. (M-O) Protein expression levels of TNF-α (M), IL-1β (N), and MPO (O) in BALF. (P-Q) Histological sections of lung tissues stained by H&E (P), PAS (Q) or Masson (R). Data are mean ± SE ( n = 5). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb, IL-1β (3A6) Mouse mAb were purchased from CST (U.S.).

Techniques: Injection, Analysis, Expressing, Staining

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Artesunate-based macromolecular therapy attenuates neutrophilic asthma by targeting the BCAT1/Succinate/NLRP3 metabolite-immunity cascade

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04749-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of efficacy of PMART with clinically used drugs in NA mice. (A) Schematic illustration of the therapeutic regimen design. Mice were injected independently with PMART at 10 mg/kg, Dex at 4 mg/kg or NAC at 36 mg/kg, 1 h prior to OVA challenge during 14-18 days. On day 19, mice were euthanized. (B) Levels of IgE in Serum. (C-D) Representative flow cytometer profile (C) and quantitation of neutrophils count (D) in BALFs. (E-J) The relative mRNA levels of IL-17 (E), TNF-α (F), IL-1β (G), IL-6 (H), MCP-1 (I) and MPO (J) in lung tissues. (K-M) The concentrations of the proteins in BALFs, including TNF-α (K), IL-1β (L) and MPO (M). (N-P) H&E (N), PAS (O), and Masson (P) stained histological sections of lung tissues. Data are mean ± SE (B, D-J, n = 5; K-M, n = 6). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb, IL-1β (3A6) Mouse mAb were purchased from CST (U.S.).

Techniques: Comparison, Injection, Flow Cytometry, Quantitation Assay, Staining

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Artesunate-based macromolecular therapy attenuates neutrophilic asthma by targeting the BCAT1/Succinate/NLRP3 metabolite-immunity cascade

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04749-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro efficacies of PMART in macrophages and neutrophils. (A-D) mRNA expressions of MPO (A), TNF-α (B), IL-1β (C), and IL-6(D) in neutrophils following various treatments. (E) Quantification with flow cytometric of ROS in PMA-stimulated neutrophils. (F) Quantitative analysis of migrated neutrophils after stimulated by PMA and incubation with different formulations. (G-J) Relative mRNA transcription levels of TNF-α (G), IL-1β (H), IL-6 (I) and IL-8 (J) of macrophages subjected to different treatments. (K) Flow cytometry quantitation of ROS in PMA-stimulated macrophages. (L) Quantitative analysis of migrated macrophages after stimulation by LPS and incubation with different ART formulations. (M-P) PMART modulates macrophage phenotypic switching in vitro. RAW264.7 cells were first polarized with LPS (200 ng/mL) and IFN-γ (2.5 ng/mL) for 24 h, followed by 12 h exposure to different treatments. Flow cytometry was then performed to quantify M1 (F4/80⁺CD86⁺) (M, N) and M2 (F4/80⁺CD206⁺) (O, P) macrophage populations. Data are mean ± SE ( n = 3). * P < 0. 05, ** P < 0. 01, *** P < 0. 001

Article Snippet: ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb, IL-1β (3A6) Mouse mAb were purchased from CST (U.S.).

Techniques: In Vitro, Analysis, Incubation, Flow Cytometry, Quantitation Assay

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Artesunate-based macromolecular therapy attenuates neutrophilic asthma by targeting the BCAT1/Succinate/NLRP3 metabolite-immunity cascade

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04749-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of PMART on the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. (A-C) Relative levels of mRNA of NLRP3 (A), ASC (B) and IL-18 (C) in the lung tissues of NA mice. (D) Immunohistochemical analysis on lung tissue sections presenting different mRNA levels of NLRP3, ASC and IL-1β by different formulation treatments. (E-G) Typical western blot bands (E) and corresponding quantification of NLRP3 (F) and ASC (G) protein levels from LPS-stimulated macrophages following different treatments. ( H–J ) Typical western blot bands (H) and their quantitative analyses of NLRP3 (I) and ASC (J) protein levels in PMA-stimulated neutrophils following various treatments. Data are mean ± SE. (A-C, n = 5; F, G, I, L, n = 3). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: ASC/TMS1 (D2W8U) Rabbit mAb, IL-1β (3A6) Mouse mAb were purchased from CST (U.S.).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Immunohistochemical staining, Analysis, Tissue, Formulation, Western Blot